What is Pentecost?
People often times ask the question, “What is Pentecost?”. Although this is a broad question and could solicit many different answers from different people, I will seek in the following article to help you to understand Pentecost from the perspective of the Bible and what it means to the New Testament believer. We will begin our journey of understanding in a place far away and long ago in the early hours of a Jerusalem morning. So let’s begin.
The Day of Pentecost
It was the birthing of something so powerful that it would forever change the story of human history and dramatically alter the lives of many of those who would fill its pages. It was The Day of Pentecost in Jerusalem. The birth of the Church age. And of that day in Acts chapter 2 it says this,
When the Day of Pentecost had fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. 2 And suddenly there came a sound from heaven, as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled the whole house where they were sitting. 3 Then there appeared to them divided tongues, as of fire, and one sat upon each of them. 4 And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance.1
There is no doubt that in this singular moment the world was magnificently changed forever as the Church was birthed, but the beginnings of this story were actually many years prior as a people stood and beheld with fearful wonder the spectacle before them. Allow me for a moment to tell you the story of the Day of Pentecost.
The Genesis of Pentecost
It all began at the foot of a mountain covered in dark clouds and rolling, echoing thunder. Lightning ripped across the sky, its fingers of explosive current striking and destroying the rocks of the mountain before them. The Earth beneath the people’s feet rumbled with a dreadful rhythm.
And then a great fire fell from the heavens above upon the mountain below. As the fire ravenously enveloped the landscape before them, it forcefully and suddenly changed directions to ascend upwards as if from deep within the mountain a furnace burned with a scorching heat.
So awesome was this supernatural demonstration of God’s power, that the people who followed this one named Moses into the wilderness, trembled in fear and apprehension. Who was this great I AM that had called them from the bondage of Egypt through signs and wonders so that they could now behold this fierce and overwhelming display of God’s power and majesty?
Blessings and Curses
This was the beginning of the giving of what would become known to the people as the Mosaic Law. It was a compilation of over 600 specific commandments that would become a covenant between God and His people as He brought them into the Promised Land.
To say the least, it was not an easy covenant to follow. God demanded that His people be different than the nations about them. If one failed to keep these laws, there was a curse brought upon them through God’s judgments. Likewise in the keeping of that law, there was also a great blessing. Consider what Joshua said concerning this law when the Israelites entered the Promised Land.
34 And afterward he read all the words of the law, the blessings, and the cursings, according to all that is written in the Book of the Law. 35 There was not a word of all that Moses had commanded which Joshua did not read before all the assembly of Israel, …2
The Mosaic Law is Born
What a remarkable experience that must have been. The birthing of a people as a nation of believers that would follow the one true God. So important would this day become to the nation of Israel, that in the years to come the Jewish people would come to recognize the Feast of Shavuot or the Feast of Weeks in the Hebrew language, as not just a celebration of the ingathering of the wheat harvest as commanded by God, but also a celebration of the giving of God’s Law upon Mount Sinai.
The religious leaders of Israel, over the course of time, had carefully calculated that the giving of the Law of Moses would have most likely happened on the Feast of Weeks. This was 50 days after they were delivered from Egyptian bondage.
This Feast of Weeks would later come to be known as the Feast of Pentecost in the Greek language, which means 50. The Feast of Pentecost was to be held exactly 50 days after the Feast of Beginning First Fruits when a barley offering was brought before the Lord during the barley harvest.
So beginning on the day after the Passover (or the Feast of Beginning FirstFruits), the Jewish people would count 50 days or 7 Sabbaths plus 1 day. On that 50th day, they would celebrate the Feast of Weeks, or as we call it today, Pentecost.
At this second harvest feast time, they would now give thanks for the harvest of wheat instead of barley. This feast in time also more importantly became a feast celebrating the giving of the Law of Moses at Mount Sinai for the Jewish people. You can read more about this in Leviticus 23.
A Sword of Judgement
So now that we have discussed why some of these feasts were celebrated, I want to take you back to a very important story that happened during the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai. This will help us to better understand the significance of God birthing the church on the Day of Pentecost in Acts chapter 2.
Let’s take another look at the book of Exodus as Moses and Joshua to come down from the mountain to deliver God’s commandments to the people. In Exodus 32 it says:
16 Now the tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God engraved on the tablets.
17 And when Joshua heard the noise of the people as they shouted, he said to Moses, “There is a noise of war in the camp.”
18 But he said:
“It is not the noise of the shout of victory,
Nor the noise of the cry of defeat,
But the sound of singing I hear.”
19 So it was, as soon as he came near the camp, that he saw the calf and the dancing. So Moses’ anger became hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands and broke them at the foot of the mountain. 20 Then he took the calf which they had made, burned it in the fire, and ground it to powder; and he scattered it on the water and made the children of Israel drink it. 21 And Moses said to Aaron, “What did these people do to you that you have brought so great a sin upon them?”3
Idolatry
Absolutely dumbfounding. God’s people as they wait for Moses to come down from the mountain to share the word of God with them, become frustrated with the wait. They decide to have Aaron make a golden calf for them so that they can worship this false god. Moses is furious at their wicked display and breaks the tablets of stone upon the ground. And this is where something very peculiar happens.
Moses commands those who are on the Lord’s side to come to him and execute a very harsh punishment at the direction of God. It says beginning in Exodus 32:26:
Then Moses stood in the entrance of the camp, and said, “Whoever is on the Lord’s side—come to me!” And all the sons of Levi gathered themselves together to him. 27 And he said to them, “Thus says the Lord God of Israel: ‘Let every man put his sword on his side, and go in and out from entrance to entrance throughout the camp, and let every man kill his brother, every man his companion, and every man his neighbor.’ ” 28 So the sons of Levi did according to the word of Moses. And about three thousand men of the people fell that day.4
The Law of Moses came with harsh punishments for violating the covenant. This is something hard to understand as we look back on these stories from the perspective of God’s grace. But the reality is that sin has always according to God’s law lead to death. As the Apostle Paul spoke about the Law of Moses in his letter to the Church of Galatia, he described the law as a tutor or a schoolmaster. The Law helped people remain safe in their relationship with God until righteousness could be fulfilled in the atoning work of Jesus Christ. He put it this way:
23 But before faith came (the message of Jesus Christ), we were kept under guard by the law, kept for the faith which would afterward be revealed. 24 Therefore the law was our tutor to bring us to Christ so that we might be justified by faith. 25 But after faith has come, we are no longer under a tutor.5
Last Day of School
Think of the work of Christ in comparison to the Law of Moses like a graduation ceremony. When you graduate high school or college, you throw your hat in the air. This is a celebration of newfound liberty and an exciting future. You now head away from a place of rules, requirements, and instructors that were put in place to help you mature in your understanding of what’s necessary for success.
In a similar fashion, Jesus Christ worked within the whole of humanity and matured us from a law of death under the old covenant into a law of life and liberty in the New Testament Covenant.
A Law of Death
But let’s step back to the mountain for a moment. At the base of Mount Sinai, as the Israelites received the law on tablets of stone, a great judgment was brought upon them because they worshipped the Golden Calf. The Law very harshly exposed sin and demanded consequences for it. As the sons of Levi (this was the tribe set aside for the work of the tabernacle and the offering of sacrifices for the people) gathered that day they executed the law and its requirement. That requirement was death.
You might be saying to yourself right now, hold on, where is the hope and promise in this morbid message of the giving of the Mosaic Law. Well, let’s look at how God in the course of time fulfilled His message of a promise of grace and salvation for His people. In essence, how he graduated his people from a law of death to a law of life.
When the Day of Pentecost had Fully Come…
As we jump ahead in time to the outpouring of His Spirit on the Day of Pentecost we will discover how this Old Testament story of 3,000 men falling by the swords of the Levitical priesthood (their very own brothers) finds a new and eternal revelation of hope and salvation.
We saw in our earlier reading of the Book of Acts chapter 2 that the 120 were filled with the Holy Ghost in an upper room. They had been waiting in Jerusalem in obedience to the command Jesus gave them when He told them before His ascension, to wait until they were endued with power from on high or from heaven. You can read more about this in Luke 24:49.
For ten days they waited (much like those at the base of the Mount Sinai). But the scripture says that when the Day of Pentecost had fully come they were supernaturally filled with God’s Spirit.
In similar fashion to the Mountain of God, at this first infilling, there was a powerful witness and proof of this New Covenant. To begin with they heard the sound of a rushing mighty wind that filled the room where they were sitting. They also saw what appeared to be divided tongues that resembled fire and sat upon each of them. And finally, in this inception of God’s Spirit, they began to speak in other languages or tongues as the Spirit of God gave them the ability.
The Lamb of God
What a spectacular experience that must have been. Here they were celebrating the Feast of Weeks or Pentecost. Remember, this was 50 days after the Passover (Jesus was crucified the evening before the Passover began). This Feast of Passover was a celebration of the deliverance of God from Egyptian bondage by the applying of the blood of a spotless lamb upon the doorposts of their homes while they were in Egypt.
That night God preserved His people and set them free. The parallels to the death of Jesus upon the cross at the beginning of the Passover are clear and profound. Jesus is that perfect lamb that takes away the sins of the world.
As we jump ahead 50 days to the Feast of Pentecost, We find that in a singular moment these New Covenant believers who had placed their faith in Jesus Christ are miraculously filled with the presence of God. A new law of grace and mercy is revealed to the world. It is no coincidence that God chose this day to birth the church and signify a new covenant with His people.
Stay with me here. All of these stories and feasts of the Old Testament are about to come together like the missing pieces of a puzzle and reveal with amazing accuracy the prophetic power of God’s word.
The Sword of the Spirit
Remember those 3,000 that fell by the sword as the Levites went out and slew their brothers under a law from God that demanded death for sin. How does this relate to the Day of Pentecost? Well, in our New Covenant story, we find a large number of people gathered around those freshly baptized believers on the Day of Pentecost. They looked on with confusion wondering what was happening.
These Jewish proselytes were gathered from all over the world that day to celebrate the giving of the Law of Moses at the mountain and yet they hear these Galileans speaking and praising God in their own languages. What is going on? How can this be? Are these people drunk at this early hour of the morning?
The Apostle Peter stands up and for many verses preaches to them Jesus Christ, His fulfillment of the Old Testament Scriptures, and His Death Burial and Resurrection. He anxiously described what all of this really meant as our Lord became the sacrifice for our sins.
Many in the crowd felt the convicting power of God’s presence in that place and cried out to Peter, “Men and brethren, what shall we do?”6 To this question, Peter gives a simple and clear message of salvation:
A Message of Salvation
Then Peter said to them, “Repent, and let every one of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins; and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 39 For the promise is to you and to your children, and to all who are afar off, as many as the Lord our God will call.”7
The response to this message that wondrous day was epic:
And that day about three thousand souls were added to them. 42 And they continued steadfastly in the apostles’ doctrine and fellowship, in the breaking of bread, and in prayers. 43 Then fear came upon every soul, and many wonders and signs were done through the apostles. 44 Now all who believed were together, and had all things in common, 45 and sold their possessions and goods, and divided them among all, as anyone had need.
46 So continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, they ate their food with gladness and simplicity of heart, 47 praising God and having favor with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily those who were being saved.8
Mt. Sinai versus The Upper Room of Pentecost
Wow, what a difference from the experience of Mount Sinai. We now have 3,000 jubilant and excited converts added to a community of fellowship with their newfound brothers and sisters in Christ. They are ministering to one another, blessing one another, and witnessing the signs and wonders of the New Covenant believers.
In the Old Testament, the sword of judgment brought death to 3,000 men through the law because of sin. But in the New Testament, we find a witness of life and hope and brotherly love.
Commandments no longer written on stones but instead a law of love and mercy written upon the hearts of humankind. Not the harrowing sounds of a dark, quaking, and thundering mountain, where one did not approach or touch the mountain because they would be struck dead. But instead a place of mercy and a direct invitation into the very presence of the Almighty God. A place where forgiveness is freely given and where we need not be afraid to boldly approach the throne of grace. The writer of Hebrews put it this way:
6 But now He (meaning Jesus as our High Priest in heaven) has obtained a more excellent ministry, inasmuch as He is also Mediator of a better covenant, which was established on better promises.9
Pentecost is the celebration of a new and better covenant established in the grace of God.
Barley versus Wheat
This point is further illustrated in the two different feasts of harvest that we discussed earlier. In the Feast of Beginning fruits on the day after the Passover, a grain offering was to be presented to the Lord. This would have been a Barley offering as this was the crop that first came in and was the first harvest. Barley was the first harvest and was considered an inferior crop to wheat. It was often used as a mere staple food and to feed the livestock.
But during the second harvest, the Feast of Weeks or Pentecost that followed 50 days later, a grain offering of wheat was presented as this was the time to harvest the wheat.10 Wheat was considered of much greater value and superior in taste to barley.
Once again we see a powerful type and shadow in the scriptures of the work of Jesus Christ and its superiority to the law. There are many other parallels that we could draw from the pages of scripture today but time does not permit it. But as we consider the meaning of Pentecost let us revel in the magnificent tapestry of revelation that the Word of God offers to us as we open our lives to the experience of the outpouring of His Spirit.
Thank God for Calvary. Thank God for the Day of Pentecost and the birth of the New Testament Church. And thank God that it is still happening today as we lift our hands to God, repent of our sins, bury ourselves in water baptism in His name and receive the marvelous and wonderful gift of God’s Spirit. Consider what Paul said when he commended the church to put on the whole armor of God.
17 And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God; 18 praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, being watchful to this end with all perseverance and supplication for all the saints.11
Wielding the Sword of God’s Spirit
Consider this. As a child of God, you have the sword of His Spirit in your hands. Not a sword to cut down and punish, but instead, a sword to bring life everlasting. God’s word has been placed in our hearts to share it with others.
We can pray prayers of faith and supplication for the saints of God. As brothers and sisters in Christ, you have been empowered by the baptism of the Holy Spirit to contend for your faith. All of this was made possible because His word, His promise, became flesh and blood in the man Christ Jesus. He delivered on His promise to bring a greater covenant and He did that on the Day of Pentecost through the baptism of the Holy Ghost. So take hold of your Sword of the Spirit today and fight the good fight.
1 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ac 2:1–4). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
2 The New King James Version. (1982). (Jos 8:34–35). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
3 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ex 32:16–21). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
4 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ex 32:26–28). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
5 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ga 3:23–25). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
6 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ac 2:37). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
7 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ac 2:38–39). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
8 The New King James Version. (1982). (Ac 2:41–47). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
9 The New King James Version. (1982). (Heb 8:6). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.
10 Webmaster. (2007, April 10th). Bible Plants – Barley. Plant Site.
https://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/bible/Barley.php
11 The New King James Version. (1982). (Eph 6:17–18). Nashville: Thomas Nelson.